openness, which improves potential economic growth, but also implies a higher exposure to the protectionist shift in the …. El notable incremento del grado de apertura de la economía española ha aumentado su crecimiento potencial, aunque también … protectionism in the form of tariff barriers on Spanish goods exports. The Spanish economy has signicantly increased its degree of …

weakness in global trade over the last few years. We investigate the effect of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) on exports growth … findings, non-tariff protectionist measures significantly reduce exports growth at the product-destination level. Moreover …, NTBs also hinder exports growth at the firm level and negatively affect other firm outcomes such as productivity growth. In …

openness, however, depends centrally on the domestic institutions through which societal pressures must filter to influence …

This paper discusses rising economic nationalism in Indonesia. The findings suggest that protectionism has started to …