This paper aims to review the impact of the various tariff legislations passed from 1998 to 2003 on the structure of protection in the Philippines. The paper finds that while the overall level of effective protection has declined, it has remained uneven as some selected sectors have continued to...

Die Handelspolitik der Gemeinschaft ist im Jahre Eins des Binnenmarktes deutlich ins Schlingern geraten. Drei Faktoren haben dazu beigetragen. Erstens mußten "Altlasten" aus der Vor-Binnenmarktzeit in Gestalt unterschiedlicher nationaler Handelspolitiken vereinheitlicht werden, um einen völlig...

Based on the observation that industries are often geographically concentrated, this paper proposes a new political economy model of trade protection. We associate the sectors of a specific factors model with electoral districts populated by continua of heterogeneous voters who differ in their...

Mis-match of trade statistics between developed and developing countries indicate a substantial mis-invoicing of trade figures, primarily by developing country traders. This is due to the inflexible exchange rate regimes, severe import restrictions and export subsidies prevailing in LDCs. In...

During much of the previous era of globalization, from the 1860s until the First World War, U. S. tariffs were surprisingly high. Present-day economic historians have suggested that U. S. protection as the result of a backlash against globalization that was the beginning of its decline. They...

The EU has pursued protectionist policies not merely in food but also in manufacturing at the customs union level. In services it has not dismantled much of the existing national protectionism. The economic costs are calculated here at some 3% of GDP for the UK and some 4% for the rest of the EU...

Seit dem 24. September erheben die USA Zölle auf chinesische Produkte im gegenwärtigen Wert von ungefähr 250 Mrd. US-Dollar; das sind 50% der Importe aus China. In der Debatte wird oft davon ausgegangen, dass diese Zölle der amerikanischen Volkswirtschaft schaden. Dies stimmt nicht, weil die...

We analyze the value-added impacts of rising (United States) US protectionism on Finland and other European Union (EU) member states. The president of the US has proposed tariff increases, particularly on imports from Mexico and China to the US, while the threat of protectionism also involves...