The market for credit derivatives, or financial contracts whose payoffs are linked to changes in the credit quality of a reference asset, has expanded dramatically in recent years. According to the 2002 Credit Derivatives Report of the British Bankers' Association, the credit derivatives market...

Financing of investments through green bonds has grown rapidly in recent years. But definitions of what makes a bond "green" vary. Various certification mechanisms have evolved to allow more granularity as well as continuity in assessment. Green bonds have been priced at issuance at a premium on...

The authors conduct the first systematic analysis of the determinants and impact of the sovereign credit ratings assigned by the two leading U.S. agencies, Moody's Investor Services and Standard and Poor's. Of the large number of criteria used by the two agencies, six factors appear to play an...