levels of democracy. In developed countries, especially old democracies, election-year deficits actually reduce the … countries and in new democracies, but voters are affected by growth over the leader's term in office rather than in the election …

This paper inquires the following research question that “to what extent, do election years have explanatory power to … expenditures and decrease(s) taxation before the elections for re-election prospect. This paper’s arguments are twofold. First … district level from Turkish Statistical Institute library’s scanned archive documents and on incumbent candidate and party (re-)election …