Sanctions are a common method to discourage free-riding in the provision of public goods. However, we can usually only sanction those who are detected performing the bad act of free-riding. There has been considerable research on the type of sanctions imposed, but this research almost always...

Sanctions are a common method to discourage free-riding in the provision of public goods. However, we can usually only sanction those who are detected performing the bad act of free-riding. There has been considerable research on the type of sanctions imposed, but this research almost always...

We examine the effect of private maritime security on international public safety by analyzing International Maritime Organization vessel security data from 2007-2014. During this time a considerable spike in maritime piracy occurred in East Africa, West Africa and East Asia. We exploit the fact...