In this paper, indexes are proposed in order to capture the degree to which a pension scheme prevents poverty among the elderly, enables smoothing of living standards after retirement and induces both intra- and inter-generational solidarity

Pension entitlements are influenced by individual career paths and labor market conditions, which often result in gender-based disparities. Women face several challenges during their working lives, such as late entry into the labor market, the gender pay gap, discontinuous working careers, and...