This paper analyses regulation by contract in public-private partnerships (PPPs) for infrastructure services. Although the benefits of competition for the market and subsequent regulatory contracts are recognised, the literature also identifies contract design failures. When considering these...

This article examines how risk is reflected in infrastructure regulatory contracts, using examples from water utilities to illustrate key points. Partnerships between public and private sectors in capital intensive network services require risks to be assigned to the contractual party that is...

There are three basic approaches to mitigating this risk; namely, institutional instruments that limit the possibility of government opportunism, financial instruments that decrease financial risk, and investment strategies, such as choosing technologies that may not be cost-minimizing but that...

In this article we describe steps that governments and investors can take to mitigate regulatory risk. Such risk mitigation applies a set of institutional and financial instruments to make risks and rewards commensurate with each other, promoting efficient investment. Managers and investors are...