terrorism one of today's most pressing problems. But is terrorism a crime or an aggravating factor in sentencing? In this … finding guilt for the commission of the crime. Aggravating elements, therefore, address a fundamental distinction of … understanding of terrorism , as well as articulating a theory of guilt. Terrorists seldom express guilt . The word terrorism …

We evaluate whether California's state proposition 47 impacted state violent and property crime rates. Passed by the …-level crime rates that exploit heterogeneity in the effects of the proposition on local criminal justice practices. We find little … evidence of an impact on violent crime rates in the state. Once changes in offense definitions and reporting practices in key …