Remanufactured product, by definition, is the product with the same-as-new quality but a low cost because the components are usually reused and/or repaired. Consumers have doubts about the wastage status of the components so risk-aversion and quality untrust are incurred when they buy...

Software-as-a-service (SaaS) allows customers to use software over the Internet by paying a subscription fee rather than by buying shrink-wrapped software and installing it on their computers. To maintain customer interests in SaaS, the provider's dynamic quality decision is important. Thus, we...