of tertiary-educated immigrants were 16.4% for France, 21.8% for Germany, 15.4% for Italy and 18.5% for Spain. Now … which was exposed to a very fast and large wave of immigration during the 2000s -- Italy --, and for which evidence is scant …

-skilled migrants shows that an increase of 1 percentage point in the share of low-skilled migrants on the population reduces patent …