them concerns the question of “who punishes”. In the first approach, punishment is executed by the group members themselves … individually, i.e., punishment is decentral in nature. The second approach is based on the idea that individuals may be willing to … delegate the punishment to a central, external authority. The key questions to answered are, whether individuals are willing …

heterogeneous groups. When punishment is not allowed all groups converge towards free-riding. With punishment, contributions … that these differences are not accidentally but enforced by punishment. The enforced contribution norms are related to …

heterogeneous groups. When punishment is not allowed all groups converge towards free-riding. With punishment, contributions … that these differences are not accidental but enforced by punishment. The enforced contribution norms are related to …

in social dilemmas. Participants repeatedly choose between a community with and an alternative without punishment … opportunities. Within each community a social dilemma game is played. While the community with punishment grows over time and fully …