them concerns the question of “who punishes”. In the first approach, punishment is executed by the group members themselves … individually, i.e., punishment is decentral in nature. The second approach is based on the idea that individuals may be willing to … delegate the punishment to a central, external authority. The key questions to answered are, whether individuals are willing …

of fines on punishment and deterrence. Partial effects are effects on potential violators' and punishers' decisions when …

evidence on punishment preferences, in which subjects reveal a heterogeneous preference for punishing wrongdoers, our model … identifies circumstances in which “punitive” individuals (with stronger-than-average punishment preferences) will self …-select into law enforcement jobs that offer the opportunity to punish (or facilitate the punishment of) wrongdoers. Such “punitive …

-nudges affect punishment behavior, and how enforcement links to norm perceptions. Using a representative sample of U.S. participants … study that confirm the robustness of our findings in the context of whistleblowing. To explain the punishment patterns of the … norms are vague. Importantly, we find that punishment patterns in the first experiment closely follow these norm perceptions …

environment. Using geocoded crime data and a novel source of within-city spatial and temporal variation in punishment severity, I … consistent with police treating enforcement effort and punishment severity as complementary. I also find that citywide crime and … punishment and suggests that certain types enforcement can be reduced without incurring large public safety costs …

probability and the severity of punishment with reference to planned criminal activities. There are, however, also unplanned …

probability and the severity of punishment with reference to planned criminal activities. There are, however, also unplanned …