One of the selling points behind larger preferential trade agreements (PTAs) is the potential to encourage the spread of global value chains (GVCs). These supply chains are increasingly critical to the globalized economy. Large GVC operators may include up to 15,000 firms in their networks...

This paper presents how APEC has evolved as an institution, the changes it undergoes and the challenges it has faced for the past decades. More importantly, this paper tries to enumerate the roles of APEC in positioning the Philippines in the global economy. Established in 1989 in Canberra,...