Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), a nonparametric mathematical programming approach to productive efficiency analysis, envelops all observed data. In this paper we show that DEA can be interpreted as nonparametric least squares regression subject to shape constraints on frontier and sign...

This study investigates the least-cost decarbonization pathways in the Finnish electricity generation industry in order to achieve the national carbon neutrality goal by 2035. Various abatement measures, such as downscaling production, capital investment, increasing labor and intermediate inputs...