and enforcement. Our key findings are: (1) prudential regulation limits expansion of plants with high initial pollution … regulated due to its historically large contribution to air and water pollution. Our paper contributes to the broader empirical … literature on the Porter Hypothesis, which posits a positive relationship between environmental regulation and "green" TFP growth …

We develop a dynamic regulation game for a stock externality under asymmetric information and future market uncertainty …. Within this framework, regulation is characterized as the implementation of a welfare-maximization program conditional on …-consistent policy rules that implement the stochastic first best as long as a future market exists. We apply our theory to carbon …