In this paper, we argue that the joint use of ex-ante regulation and ex-post liability rules is efficient when there … create a risk for the environment. Moreover, we suggest that a joint use of liability and regulation should more frequently …

The European response to COVID-19 has revealed an inconvenient truth. Despite having integrated public health concerns … and people across the Union. These fragmented efforts in tackling cross-border health threats have almost immediately … prompted political calls for the urgent creation of a European Health Union. Yet this call raises more questions than answers …

.e. to reduce disease transmission and thereby diminishing pressure on health services, under the by now well-known ‘flatten … seen as the inevitable consequence of the EU’s limited competence in public health. Against this backdrop, it strives to …. Ultimately, it predicts that by testing the outer limits of the EU public health competence COVID-19 is set to go down in history …