This paper discusses the mechanics and regulation of participating and unit-linked variable payout annuities. These annuities offer benefits that are not fixed in either nominal or real terms but depend on the performance of the fund or funds in which the underlying reserve assets are invested,...

How does a country's legal and regulatory framework affect the sustainability of microfinance? Does a tiered approach to regulation help to integrate microfinance into the formal financial system? And are there lessons to be learned from the experience of Ghana and the Philippines with a tiered...