The 1914 Clayton Act prohibited any acquisition whose effect may be to “substantially” lessen competition. International Shoe defined § 7's word “substantially” by saying that an acquisition's effect is “substantial” only if it “will injuriously affect the public.” This paper...

The regulation of mergers that go beyond national borders within the European Union (EU) common market has its origins in the adoption of the Council Regulation 4064/89 of 21 December on the Control of Concentrations between Undertakings (Regulation 4064/89). Regulation 4064/89 was as a result...

The aim of this paper is to generate an understanding of the evolution of European competition policy in the context of the globalising economy of the 20th and early 21st centuries by analysing the merger policies. Normally competition policy is framed by legal and economic studies as the set of...

Estimating antitrust risk is fundamental to identifying, proposing, and pricing deals. A more informed understanding of what to expect when meeting with agency staff and leadership will help antitrust lawyers and economists (or other consultants) anticipate the critical questions and potential...