I investigate alternative explanations for the content of privacy policies. Under one model of self-regulation, firms signal their privacy protections to consumers by highlighting compliance with third-party guidelines. However, in a sample of 249 privacy policies, only 27% claim compliance with...

Private actors channel capital to inhabitants of developing countries through a growing variety of intermediaries. Some of those intermediaries operate much like conventional charities, some operate more like for-profit financial institutions, yet others combine features of these models. The...