Financial Derivatives have established themselves as a major driving force in the international monetary sphere in the recent past. While derivatives were originally used as an effective monetary instrument to multiply the wealth through ripple effect, of late these instruments are also used by...

When things go wrong, it is always good to find someone to blame. As the credit crisis started to unfold in 2007, credit rating agencies (“CRAs”) emerged as the villain – or scapegoat, one might say – for commentators and regulators alike. To sum up, observers accused CRAs of doing a...

The EU recently established new supranational financial supervision authorities — ESAs — capable of adopting binding supervisory decisions. The upgraded regulatory framework also inaugurated judicial review by a newly established Board of Appeal and the Court of Justice against these...

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank) has raised the stakes for financial regulation by requiring more than twenty federal agencies to promulgate nearly 400 new rules. Scholars, regulated entities, Congress, courts, and the agencies themselves have all...

The protection afforded to franchisees differs widely across the world. Nations with economically strong franchise sectors typically regulate the contract’s bargaining phase and post-formation. Responding to the European Parliament’s call for a review of regulations governing Europe’s...

The purpose of this contribution is to look into what should be considered when forming rules about branch managers. An additional purpose is to analyze how the branch manager’s duties and responsibilities are regulated in Swedish, Norwegian and Danish branches of foreign companies, and this...

This article looks at New Zealand's conduct of business rules for financial advisers. It compares New Zealand's rules to conduct of business rules applicable in the United Kingdom and Australia. There are major respects in which New Zealand's conduct of business rules fall behind best practice,...

Climate regulation of the electricity sector is one of the most important growing — and rapidly changing — areas of law and policy today. This is both because of the critical role that electricity plays in modern society, acting as economic lifeblood, and because of electricity's part in...

Recent statements by the Minister of Consumer Affairs indicate that developing consumer law so that it is technologically neutral is a priority. This article analyses how the current law responds to the technological innovation of the online auction. The article concludes that consumers using...