Many scholars have argued paradoxically that the availability of natural resources tends to hinder development. A key reason behind this hindrance may lie in how natural resources affect politician's incentives. For example, they may lower accountability by easing taxation (Madhavy 1970; Huntington...

We analyze the impact of elected competitors from the same constituency on legislative shirking in the German Bundestag from 1953 to 2017. The German electoral system ensures at least one federal legislator per constituency with a varying number of elected competitors between zero to four from...