The size of the public debt is now one of the main areas of interest of the entire society. As the size of the debt increases with time, one should consider possible ways of reducing it. Decision makers focus both on ways to reduce the increase in public debt and on ways to reduce its size....

Public pay-as-you-go pensions still form the dominant pillar of old-age provision in Germany. This is in marked contrast to the situation in Anglo-Saxon countries. It has advantages if labour markets are strong, e.g., following a quick recovery from the Great Recession. It has disadvantages, as...

The global financial crisis affected also Polish pension market. Low or negative rate return on pension capital accumulated in Open Pension Funds led to social disappointment and growth of feeling of social insecurity. Prolonged financial crisis together with sluggish economic growth forced...