The institutional structures of the various types of European welfare state were established around extra revenues called the demographic dividend that used to be easily available throughout the decades of the 20st century. They, however, ceased to be available at the end of that century. The...

Our basic question is whether elderly people (pensioners) are among the losers or the winners of the economic transition, in particular in the reforms of the pension systems in Central-Eastern Europe (CEE). The aim of this paper is descriptive. However the descriptive task is not an easy one...

Recently several countries, including Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia, have at least partially reversed their earlier moves towards compulsory defined-contribution schemes. This paper concentrates on Poland, which just reduced contributions going to the...