Economics, as one of the cultural and historical sciences, is responsible for the investigation of the meaningful relation between the whole and the parts, based on organic linking and not on the mechanical‐causal relationship. The relevant contributions of the leading holistic school of...

Experimental economics is the newest tool available to improve the research of economists. The first chapter reviews the methods that experimentation employs. The review is important for understanding the construction and running of experiments as well as the criticisms. The second chapter...

Many large-scale national and international testing programs use the Raschmodel to govern the construction of measurement scales that can be used tomonitor standards of performance and monitor performance over time. Asignificant issue that arises in such programs is that once a decision has...