We document a decline in the dollar share of international reserves since the turn of the century. This decline …, or of changes in coverage of surveys of reserve composition. Strikingly, the decline in the dollar's share has not been … that, along with the dollar, have historically comprised the IMF's Special Drawing Rights. Rather, the shift out of dollars …

economic actors' recent difficulties in using the dollar. The American financial sanctions against Chinese trade partners, the … and banks to use the renminbi as an alternative to the dollar. In addition to contributing to a broader understanding of …

alternatives to a unipolar dollar-based system. It considers (1) measures of international currency use; (2) potential challengers … to the dollar; (3) network externalities; and (4) the plausibility of gold and digital currencies, as alternatives to … regular currencies. On the one hand, network externalities operate in favor of the status quo: the dollar as the single …