Between 1995 and 2001, Jeffrey Sachs and Andrew Warner published a series of influential studies examining mining and energy’s role in economic growth. Their principle finding was that economies heavily dependent on extractive activities in 1971 grew more slowly than non-extractive economies...

There are frequent suggestions that economies that specialize in mineral and energy extraction generate a type of growth that fails to concurrently benefit the poor. The dynamic effects creating this outcome could include increasing income inequality associated with extraction-led growth or...