mortality, including longevity selection, mortality improvements, and unexpected systematic shocks. Using longitudinal micro … risk or the impact of mortality improvements …

Heterogeneity in mortality rates is known to exist in populations, undermining the use of age and sex as the only … on an assumption that lives will self select and price the longevity risk with an annuity mortality table that assumes … in population mortality is required. This paper applies well established frailty models and more recently developed …