The evaluation of market structures and the quantification of returns to scale in network industries usually are of high interest for researchers and policy makers. Regarding the debate on optimal market structures in German potable water supply, we use a cross-sectional sample of 364 German...

This paper envisages economies of scale - or rather, diseconomies of low scale - caused in small nations by a sometimes acute shortage of talent and to indivisibility of teams: for example, a small country such as Iceland or Luxembourg cannot participate in an international football tournament...

This note argues that the competitive paradigm of neoclassical economics breaks down in the presence of constant returns to scale (CRS). With CRS, all goods can be produced at identical costs by all economic agents, making self-production a feasible alternative to market production. In the...

A low carbon electricity generating technology can only contribute to the net-zero energy transition if it is able to scale up. From that perspective, we compare nuclear, wind and solar power wrt. the size of a typical power plant, across the criteria of physical scalability, building experience...

Using official data and new econometric models based on how the industry actually works, we show the benefits of scale for members are limited, and confined to the non-profit sector which is structured to incur relatively low fixed costs compared with much higher variable costs. In Australian...

This paper investigates the size-efficiency relation of European cooperative banks during the 2006-2015 period. We employ the Stochastic Frontier Analysis in order to obtain inefficiency estimates and its determinants on the set of 183 cooperative banks from 12 European countries. This work...

The scarcity of fossil fuel and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) has made every 2nd fuel user to think on some alternative resources, or at least devise some sort of technique to overcome the shortage of fuel during CNG holidays. Thus this study covers an overview of HHO gas production, principles...