Preventive coercive measures are an increasingly common feature of the legal landscape. Examples are the preventive imprisonment of dangerous individuals after the expiration of their sentences, the involuntary commitment of dangerous individuals to mental institutions purely to protect the...

The use of models to try to better understand reality is ubiquitous. Models have proven useful in testing our current understanding of reality; for instance, climate models of the 1980s were built for science discovery, to achieve a better understanding of the general dynamics of climate...

ABSTRACT: Any result can be generated randomly and any random result is useless. Traditional methods define uncertainty as a measure of the dispersion around the true value and are based on the hypothesis that any divergence from uniformity is the result of a deterministic event. The problem...