Suppose that a group of agents having divergent expectations can share risks efficiently. We examine how this group should behave collectively to manage these risks. We show that the beliefs of the representative agent is in general a function of the group.s wealth level, or equivalently, that...

In this paper, we construct an information asymmetry factor (ECINF) based on the price discovery of large trades. ECINF is significantly negatively correlated with market excess return, indicating that market-wide information asymmetry is lower in bull markets, which is consistent with the view...

The joint-hypothesis problem casts doubt on the results of market efficiency research. Specifically, it is hard to assess to what extent financial markets reflect economic fundamentals or mispricing. To address this issue, we study price formation in a large virtual asset market where...