J M Keynes solved the problems of the certainty, reflection, translation, and preference reversal effects long before these effects were specified in the post world war II literature by psychologists. Keynes recognized in chapter 26 of the A Treatise on Probability (1921; p.313) that all of these...

These days it's become convention (reinforced by the media's treatment of wealth) to assess our net worth by tallying up the market value of our financial assets, even though it's more natural and useful to think of our wealth as a stream of dollars over time given the nature of our income and...

Alan Greenspan's approach to dealing with the problem of uncertainty, as opposed to risk, appears to be extremely close to the approach advocated by J.M. Keynes himself in both the A Treatise on Probability (1921) and General Theory (1936). Greenspan provides an improved, general definition of...

The Post Keynesian, Institutionalist and Heterodox schools of economics have failed for 83 years to discern the definition of uncertainty given by Keynes in footnote 1 on page 148 of the General Theory that was repeated on page 240 of the General Theory.The footnotes on page 148 and 240 of the...