In order to characterize a statistical probability distribution p(x) of a variable x, the moments of the distribution are used; the first two of which are the mean and standard deviation. The z-score is often used to characterize data points of x (e.g. outliers with large z-scores). Polynomials...

A common scenario risk analysis employs a multiple factor model with assumed changes in the factors to obtain changes in non-factor variables. This analysis is sometimes designated as a “predictive stress scenario”. We choose to designate the factor model as a multifactor “CAPM” model,...

In line with regulations and common risk management practice, the credit risk of a portfolio is managed via its potential future exposures (PFEs), expected exposures (EEs), and related measures, the expected positive exposure (EPE), effective expected exposure (EEE), and the effective expected...

Long-term auto loans have become increasingly popular in the past decade. We find that consumers use these loans to obtain larger auto loans with lower monthly payments. After controlling for the observed risk factors typically available during the underwriting process, auto loans with...

We examine whether debt covenant violations serve as an important determinant of material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting. Motivated by the debt covenant hypothesis, we posit that the probability of ineffective internal control is expected to be significantly higher for...