election. We show that this fact can be explained by a combination of policy inertia and unpredictability in election outcomes …

election, and a Condorcet losing candidate wins with positive probability. Finally, some candidates who reach the second round …

party will emerge victorious should an election occur. This electoral uncertainty affects the macroeconomy, where the size … the last election, and party popularity. Leftist governments are expected to sustain higher output levels throughout their … electoral term compared to rightwing governments, and the partisan differences will continue to increase until the next election …

create doubt about scientific information, we use a signaling model of interest-group lobbying in which the policymaker has … persuasion to imply that the NGO may be a radical extremist whose lobbying is not credible. The second involves the creation of a …