This article discusses reputational risk from the perspective of what companies actually experience reputationally. As well, the concept of what is reputational risk is canvassed – is it risk to stock price, risk of lower profits, or merely risk of bad publicity that affects neither. When does...

This paper examines whether -- in the absence of mandated disclosure requirements -- shareholder activism can elicit greater disclosure of firms' exposure to climate change risks. We find that environmental shareholder activism increases the voluntary disclosure of climate change risks,...

This study investigates how a firm's climate change risk (FCCR) and financial flexibility (FIFL) affect its value and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance. We use data from publicly listed US firms for 2012-2021. We employed four estimation methods: bootstrap quantile...

Firms must estimate expected credit losses (EL) to comply with accounting standards and unexpected credit losses (UL) to determine regulatory credit risk capital. Both rely on estimates of obligor probabilities of default (PD). Investors also pay close attention to credit ratings-derived from...

Managers are required to disclose material climate risk (CR) in Form 10-K, but their decision whether or not to disclose is confounded by the lack of consensus on whether CR is material to the firms, as well as uncertainty about enforcement of disclosure regulations. Using the SASB Materiality...

This paper presents evidence from a global survey of nearly 700 investors and companies on the materiality of climate risk for financial reporting. We argue that current disclosure regulation likely requires the disclosure of climate risk on the basis of materiality considerations based on three...

Climate change is seen as the most pressing environmental problem of our time by many companies, policymakers and other stakeholders. It is currently also at the forefront of attention in view of attempts to conclude a successor to the Kyoto Protocol that expires in 2012. In bail-out plans and...

How do firms adapt to the risks posed by climate change? Many studies have considered business adaptation to short-term shocks and business cycles, but few have investigated risks that resemble those posed by climate change: long-term, systemic, and irreversible. In this paper, I build a novel...

This study investigates whether corporate climate risk is priced by the capital markets. Using carbon dioxide emission rates of publicly traded U.S. electric companies, we find that climate risk is positively associated with cost of capital measures, more specifically the implied cost of equity...