One of the main principles to build portfolios of financial assets is to achieve stable long-term performance and avoid large drawdowns. This article describes how a method of Machine Learning, Kohonen's Self-Organising Maps (SOM), can be applied to visualise risk and to build robust portfolios...

Artificial intelligence and machine learning have increasing influence on the financial sector, but also on economy as a whole. The impact of artificial intelligence and machine learning on banking risk management has become particularly interesting after the global financial crisis. The...

Since 2009, stock markets have resided in a long bull market regime. Passive investment strategies have succeeded during this low-volatility growth period. From 2018 on, however, there was a transition into a more volatile market environment interspersed by corrections increasing in amplitude...

This paper describes a methodology extension for decomposing non-linear portfolio risk by fund manager which we refer to as "Manager Component Value-at-Risk." The approach is well suited to funds holding any asset class or instrument type including derivatives. This decomposition approach is...

This paper introduces a flexible risk decomposition method for life insurance contracts embedding several risk factors. Hedging can be naturally embedded in the framework. Although the method is applied to variable annuities in this work, it is also applicable in general to other insurance or...

During the last decade, the increase in computational capacity, the consolidation of new data processing methodologies and the availability of access to new information concerning both individuals and organizations, aided by the widespread internet usage, has increased the development and...

From an Internal Audit perspective, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into credit risk modelling through Machine Learning (ML) algorithms presents significant challenges due to the complexity and multidimensional nature of these models. While AI enhances predictive performance and...

The growing demand for airline transportation in recent years has increased the importance of airline passenger and cargo operations and aviation sector globally. Aviation sector is a sector that has unique properties like high fixed costs, cyclical demand, intense competition, and vulnerability...