This study seeks to fill a gap in the research on the behavior of entrepreneurs, their decisions to develop their firms independently or with venture capitalists, and the relation to their abilities and to the value in making that ability known, even at a cost. Information asymmetry exists when...

Momentum strategies exhibit rare but dramatic losses (crashes), which we show are a result of the leverage dynamics of stocks in the momentum portfolio. When the economy is in a hidden turbulent state associated with a depressed and volatile stock market, the short-side of the momentum portfolio...

We demonstrate, using data for the period 1954-2003, that differences in exposure to consumption risk explains cross sectional differences in average excess returns (cost of equity capital) across the 25 benchmark equity portfolios constructed by Fama and French (1993). We use yearly returns on...