Much research has focused on emission-based instruments for pollution control, but indirect approaches that control input use or production technologies are often used. This article derives a simple rule for evaluating the relative efficiency of input-use taxes and standards in the presence of...

Uncertainty faced by individual firms appears to be heterogeneous. In this paper, I construct new empirical measures of firm-level uncertainty using data from the I/B/E/S and Compustat. These new measures reveal persistent differences in the degree of uncertainty facing individual firms not...