Nominal shocks have long lasting effects on real economic activity, beyond those implied by the average frequency of price adjustment in micro data. This paper develops a price-setting model that explains this gap through the interplay of menu costs and uncertainty about productivity....

Forecasting of business cycles and description of fluctuations of different variables are of great importance for economic policy and development. We model macroeconomics as system of economic agents. Aggregations of agents’ variables as credits, investment, demand and etc., define...