This paper separates short- and long-run dynamics of bank leverage by use of cointegration analysis. With respect to the long-run, if banks' leverage ratio or related liability shares are constant over time, they form a cointegrating relationship. Thus, cointegration tests indicate whether banks...

We use a classic Merton credit risk framework to argue that Islamic Banking Institutions (IBIs) face less incentive to take on risks than Conventional Banking Institutions (CBI). IBIs have less incentive for risk shifting both in and outside of distress situations. We test and confirm this...