Purpose – In the light of challenges experienced in cost estimation at the bidding stage of complex engineering services in the defence industry (e.g. contracting for availability), the purpose of this paper is to present a framework to manage the influence of uncertainty on cost estimates....

This paper presents a generic conceptual model of risk evaluation in order to manage the risk throughrelated constraints and variables under a multi-agent collaborative design environment. Initially, a hierarchyconstraint network is developed to mapping constraints and variables. Then, an...