effort from workers. I predict and find that uncertainty in workers' effort-performance relationship moderates the effect of … horizon on effort. Horizon and uncertainty affect expectancy (probability of standard attainment) which in turn determines … low uncertainty decreased effort as horizon increased. However, those facing high uncertainty increased effort as horizon …

moderated when firm-level uncertainty is high, consistent with performance being attributed more to luck rather than skill and … effort, which can create incentives to shift earnings toward lower-uncertainty periods. We show that the resulting … opportunistic earnings management more challenging. Our evidence highlights a novel channel through which uncertainty affects …

We examine the impact of the cultural norm of uncertainty avoidance on employee stock option (ESO) exercise behaviour … using proprietary data from a multinational firm. We find that employees from countries with higher levels of uncertainty … that employee attitudes towards uncertainty influence stock option exercise behaviours. Our findings further help to …

Traditionally, researchers have had difficulty testing the relationship between the degree of risk or uncertainty in …