discontinuously forced many firms to adopt or strengthen the financial incentives based on the commercial success of an invention. Our … citation-weighted patent counts at the inventor level and significantly decreased the number of science-based patents. These … results show that financial incentives based on the commercialization performance of an invention can be counter …

Innovation is an inherently uncertain process. Success is typically coupled with risk and we can only hope that those … with great ideas will persevere. To encourage innovation, society reduces some of the innovation risk through structures … simply stop playing the game.Such uncertainty has recently been a topic of great concern in the U.S. patent system. Some …

. The second chapter provides a theory of offshoring under imitation risk that explains optimal dynamic adjustments of firms … intellectual property rights and of offshoring costs on the rate of innovation and on the offshoring intensity. In chapter 4 I …' successful patent applications. The last chapter describes sector-level input-output relationships in eleven European economies …