In this paper we propose a new measure of vulnerability called vulnerability to downside risk. The relevant benchmark …) axiomatic measure of vulnerability to poverty. We apply a measure of both vulnerability to downside risk and to poverty to data … substantially between different wealth groups. Consequently, the relation between initial wealth and vulnerability to downside risk …

In this paper we propose an approach to vulnerability called perceived vulnerability to downside risk. We argue that … the other concepts of vulnerability, though partially adhering to the focus axiom, do not exclusively consider downside … propose to use subjective risk perception as the source of information for quantifying vulnerability since it overcomes some …

vulnerability, reinforcement and prevention of risks for the affected inhabitants and the places where they live. Depending on the … situation, vulnerability is found in the quality or frequency of the following aspects: 1) travel between places of residence; 2 …