We extend the Fama–French three-factor model to include a risk factor that proxies for interest-rate risk faced by firms in an attempt to reduce the pricing errors that the three-factor model cannot explain. These pricing errors are observed especially in small size and low book-to-market...

This study examines whether investors’ attitudes toward ambiguity can explain cross-sectional stock returns by investigating the relationship between future stock returns and option-implied volatilities as well as implied third moments. We find that investors’ attitudes toward different...