Risk estimation or volatility estimation at financial markets, particularly stock exchange markets, is complex issue of great importance to theorists and practitioners. Models used to estimate volatility forecasts are translated into better pricing of stocks and better risk management. The aim...

Motivated by existing evidence of a preference among investors for assets with lottery-like payoffs and that many investors are poorly diversified, we investigate the significance of extreme positive returns in the cross-sectional pricing of stocks. Portfolio-level analyses and firm-level...

The link between measures of risk and return within the equity market has been very weak over the past 47 years: In the United States, returns on high-risk stocks have cumulatively fallen short of the returns on low-risk stocks, during a period when the equity market as a whole experienced high...