Since the introduction of a formal commitments procedure in EU antitrust policy (Article 9 of Council Regulation 1 … uncertainty related to the law (L-uncertainty) and to the facts (F-uncertainty). We show that commitments are suboptimal when … there L-uncertainty is important. Furthermore, the generalized use of commitments creates an additional risk of under …

. On the theory front we have witnessed a far greater appreciation of unilateral effects and increased use of game theory … reliance upon microeconomic theory and advanced estimation techniques as a basis for antitrust analysis and decision-making has …