It is difficult to assess the effectiveness of investment strategies that screen companies based on environmental criteria to hedge climate change risk because physical risks have not yet fully materialized and policies to combat climate change are usually widely anticipated. This paper...

"As the world plans for economic recovery following the global COVID-19 pandemic, major economies are looking to comprehensive strategies for addressing carbon risks and identifying green finance opportunities. Since Bank of England Governor Mark Carney and Michael Bloomberg began tackling...

A large body of research has documented a positive relationship between different measures of sustainability — such as indicators of employee satisfaction and effective corporate governance — and corporate financial performance. Nevertheless, many investors still struggle to quantify the...