We document the negative effect of stock liquidity on default risk for a sample of 46 countries. We further find that default risk declines following the introduction of the Directive on Markets in Financial Instruments (MiFID)—an exogenous shock that increases liquidity. The effect of...

Asset values depend on risk exposures and yet many risk measures don't take this relationship into account. This paper presents a framework for estimating monetary risk exposures. In finance the notion of risk is generally used to express potential monetary losses from adverse events, herein a...

Are all covenants equally effective at reducing the bondholder-shareholder conflict? Examining the most frequently used bond covenants, we document that four out of 24 restrictions are associated with significantly higher bankruptcy risk. The use of these Default Indicating covenants can be...

We are the first, with a risk-taking perspective of corporate governance, to investigate the differential effect of corporate governance on downside and upside risk. Intuitively, strong corporate governance should decrease the downside risk but increase the upside risk. However, using a large...

After the completion of a merger and acquisition (M&A), a number of factors may affect the performance, probability of default and actual delisting of the acquirer. In this paper, we present a simple methodology for identifying risk factors and then proceed to identify and investigate...

Upstream producers that possess market power, sell forwards with a lengthy duration to regional electricity companies (REC). As part of the liberalization of the electricity market, RECs have been privatized and exposed to a possible bankruptcy threat if spot prices have fallen below their...

A Central Counterparty (CCP) is an entity that interposes itself between transacting counterparties - a seller vis-à-vis the original buyer and a buyer vis-àvis the original seller - to guarantee execution of the transaction. Thus, the original transacting parties substitute their contractual...

We develop a unified framework to connect cash holding, debt maturity and mergers and acquisitions. We provide empirical support for four internally consistent predictions: i) equity and debt values of highly distressed firms are more sensitive to cash reserve than those of healthy firms; ii)...

In this study we develop a theoretical model for ultimate loss-given default in the Merton (1974) structural credit risk model framework, deriving compound option formulae to model differential seniority of instruments, and incorporating an optimal foreclosure threshold. We consider an extension...