In this article I discuss Penman (2016), titled “Valuation: Accounting for Risk and the Expected Return.” Penman (2016) is important because it offers potential insights that can help us understand why the book-to-market ratio and other accounting-based variables may impact expected stock...

This paper examines how changes in firms’ risk disclosures affect a key market measure of risk. Our proxy for changes in risk disclosures is the addition and removal of individual risk factors to firms’ 10-K annual filings, identified via textual analysis of the risk factors section. Our...