Song, Zhaogang; Xiu, Dacheng - 2017
volatility risk. While pointing out the joint pricing kernel is not identified nonparametrically, we propose model-free estimates … of marginal pricing kernels of the market return and volatility conditional on the VIX. We find that the pricing kernel … present a U-shape. Hence, stochastic volatility is the key state variable responsible for the U-shape puzzle documented in the …